如何设计自己的网站网站建设 课程 说明

如何设计自己的网站,网站建设 课程 说明,电子商务平台建设内容有哪些,万网建站教程这是PyQt6教程。本教程适合初学者和中级程序员。阅读本教程后#xff0c;您将能够编写非平凡的PyQt6应用程序。 代码示例可在本站下载#xff1a;教程源代码 目录 引言日期和时间第一个工程菜单与工具栏布局管理事件和信号对话框控件拖放绘画自定义控件俄罗斯方块 俄罗斯…这是PyQt6教程。本教程适合初学者和中级程序员。阅读本教程后您将能够编写非平凡的PyQt6应用程序。代码示例可在本站下载教程源代码目录引言日期和时间第一个工程菜单与工具栏布局管理事件和信号对话框控件拖放绘画自定义控件俄罗斯方块俄罗斯方块设计在本章中我们创建了一个俄罗斯方块游戏克隆。俄罗斯方块俄罗斯方块游戏是有史以来最受欢迎的电脑游戏之一。最初的游戏是由俄罗斯程序员Alexey Pajitnov于1985年设计和编程的。从那时起俄罗斯方块几乎在每个计算机平台上都有很多变体。俄罗斯方块被称为落块益智游戏。在这个游戏中我们有七种不同的形状称为tetrominoesS形、Z形、T形、L形、线形、镜像L形和方形。这些形状中的每一个都由四个正方形形成。形状从木板上掉下来。俄罗斯方块游戏的目标是移动和旋转形状使其尽可能地贴合。如果我们设法排成一排那排就被摧毁了我们得分。我们玩俄罗斯方块游戏直到达到极限。​PyQt6是一个用于创建应用程序的工具包。还有其他旨在创建电脑游戏的库。然而PyQt6和其他应用程序工具包可用于创建简单的游戏。制作电脑游戏是提高编程技能的好方法。The development我们没有俄罗斯方块游戏的图像我们使用PyQt6编程工具包中提供的绘图API绘制俄罗斯方块。每个电脑游戏的背后都有一个数学模型。俄罗斯方块也是如此。游戏背后的一些想法我们使用控件来创建游戏循环。QtCore.QBasicTimertetrominoes被画出来了。形状以正方形为基础移动不是逐像素移动。从数学上讲棋盘是一个简单的数字列表。该代码由四个类组成、和。全班同学布置游戏。这是编写游戏逻辑的地方。该类包含所有俄罗斯方块的名称该类包含俄罗斯方块代码。TetrisBoardTetrominoeShape#!/usr/bin/python ZetCode PyQt6 tutorial This is a Tetris game clone. Author: Jan Bodnar Website: zetcode.com import random import sys from PyQt6.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal from PyQt6.QtGui import QPainter, QColor from PyQt6.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QApplication class Tetris(QMainWindow): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.initUI() def initUI(self): initiates application UI self.tboard Board(self) self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard) self.statusbar self.statusBar() self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage) self.tboard.start() self.resize(180, 380) self.center() self.setWindowTitle(Tetris) self.show() def center(self): centers the window on the screen qr self.frameGeometry() cp self.screen().availableGeometry().center() qr.moveCenter(cp) self.move(qr.topLeft()) class Board(QFrame): msg2Statusbar pyqtSignal(str) BoardWidth 10 BoardHeight 22 Speed 300 def __init__(self, parent): super().__init__(parent) self.initBoard() def initBoard(self): initiates board self.timer QBasicTimer() self.isWaitingAfterLine False self.curX 0 self.curY 0 self.numLinesRemoved 0 self.board [] self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.FocusPolicy.StrongFocus) self.isStarted False self.isPaused False self.clearBoard() def shapeAt(self, x, y): determines shape at the board position return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) x] def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape): sets a shape at the board self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) x] shape def squareWidth(self): returns the width of one square return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth def squareHeight(self): returns the height of one square return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight def start(self): starts game if self.isPaused: return self.isStarted True self.isWaitingAfterLine False self.numLinesRemoved 0 self.clearBoard() self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) self.newPiece() self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self) def pause(self): pauses game if not self.isStarted: return self.isPaused not self.isPaused if self.isPaused: self.timer.stop() self.msg2Statusbar.emit(paused) else: self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self) self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) self.update() def paintEvent(self, event): paints all shapes of the game painter QPainter(self) rect self.contentsRect() boardTop rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight() for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): shape self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1) if shape ! Tetrominoe.NoShape: self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() j * self.squareWidth(), boardTop i * self.squareHeight(), shape) if self.curPiece.shape() ! Tetrominoe.NoShape: for i in range(4): x self.curX self.curPiece.x(i) y self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() x * self.squareWidth(), boardTop (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(), self.curPiece.shape()) def keyPressEvent(self, event): processes key press events if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() Tetrominoe.NoShape: super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event) return key event.key() if key Qt.Key.Key_P: self.pause() return if self.isPaused: return elif key Qt.Key.Key_Left.value: self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY) elif key Qt.Key.Key_Right.value: self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX 1, self.curY) elif key Qt.Key.Key_Down.value: self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY) elif key Qt.Key.Key_Up.value: self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY) elif key Qt.Key.Key_Space.value: self.dropDown() elif key Qt.Key.Key_D.value: self.oneLineDown() else: super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event) def timerEvent(self, event): handles timer event if event.timerId() self.timer.timerId(): if self.isWaitingAfterLine: self.isWaitingAfterLine False self.newPiece() else: self.oneLineDown() else: super(Board, self).timerEvent(event) def clearBoard(self): clears shapes from the board for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth): self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape) def dropDown(self): drops down a shape newY self.curY while newY 0: if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1): break newY - 1 self.pieceDropped() def oneLineDown(self): goes one line down with a shape if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1): self.pieceDropped() def pieceDropped(self): after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape for i in range(4): x self.curX self.curPiece.x(i) y self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape()) self.removeFullLines() if not self.isWaitingAfterLine: self.newPiece() def removeFullLines(self): removes all full lines from the board numFullLines 0 rowsToRemove [] for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): n 0 for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): if not self.shapeAt(j, i) Tetrominoe.NoShape: n n 1 if n 10: rowsToRemove.append(i) rowsToRemove.reverse() for m in rowsToRemove: for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight): for l in range(Board.BoardWidth): self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k 1)) numFullLines numFullLines len(rowsToRemove) if numFullLines 0: self.numLinesRemoved self.numLinesRemoved numFullLines self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) self.isWaitingAfterLine True self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape) self.update() def newPiece(self): creates a new shape self.curPiece Shape() self.curPiece.setRandomShape() self.curX Board.BoardWidth // 2 1 self.curY Board.BoardHeight - 1 self.curPiece.minY() if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY): self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape) self.timer.stop() self.isStarted False self.msg2Statusbar.emit(Game over) def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY): tries to move a shape for i in range(4): x newX newPiece.x(i) y newY - newPiece.y(i) if x 0 or x Board.BoardWidth or y 0 or y Board.BoardHeight: return False if self.shapeAt(x, y) ! Tetrominoe.NoShape: return False self.curPiece newPiece self.curX newX self.curY newY self.update() return True def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape): draws a square of a shape colorTable [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC, 0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00] color QColor(colorTable[shape]) painter.fillRect(x 1, y 1, self.squareWidth() - 2, self.squareHeight() - 2, color) painter.setPen(color.lighter()) painter.drawLine(x, y self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y) painter.drawLine(x, y, x self.squareWidth() - 1, y) painter.setPen(color.darker()) painter.drawLine(x 1, y self.squareHeight() - 1, x self.squareWidth() - 1, y self.squareHeight() - 1) painter.drawLine(x self.squareWidth() - 1, y self.squareHeight() - 1, x self.squareWidth() - 1, y 1) class Tetrominoe: NoShape 0 ZShape 1 SShape 2 LineShape 3 TShape 4 SquareShape 5 LShape 6 MirroredLShape 7 class Shape: coordsTable ( ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)), ((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)), ((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)), ((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)) ) def __init__(self): self.coords [[0, 0] for i in range(4)] self.pieceShape Tetrominoe.NoShape self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape) def shape(self): returns shape return self.pieceShape def setShape(self, shape): sets a shape table Shape.coordsTable[shape] for i in range(4): for j in range(2): self.coords[i][j] table[i][j] self.pieceShape shape def setRandomShape(self): chooses a random shape self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7)) def x(self, index): returns x coordinate return self.coords[index][0] def y(self, index): returns y coordinate return self.coords[index][1] def setX(self, index, x): sets x coordinate self.coords[index][0] x def setY(self, index, y): sets y coordinate self.coords[index][1] y def minX(self): returns min x value m self.coords[0][0] for i in range(4): m min(m, self.coords[i][0]) return m def maxX(self): returns max x value m self.coords[0][0] for i in range(4): m max(m, self.coords[i][0]) return m def minY(self): returns min y value m self.coords[0][1] for i in range(4): m min(m, self.coords[i][1]) return m def maxY(self): returns max y value m self.coords[0][1] for i in range(4): m max(m, self.coords[i][1]) return m def rotateLeft(self): rotates shape to the left if self.pieceShape Tetrominoe.SquareShape: return self result Shape() result.pieceShape self.pieceShape for i in range(4): result.setX(i, self.y(i)) result.setY(i, -self.x(i)) return result def rotateRight(self): rotates shape to the right if self.pieceShape Tetrominoe.SquareShape: return self result Shape() result.pieceShape self.pieceShape for i in range(4): result.setX(i, -self.y(i)) result.setY(i, self.x(i)) return result def main(): app QApplication([]) tetris Tetris() sys.exit(app.exec()) if __name__ __main__: main()游戏被简化了一点这样更容易理解。游戏启动后立即开始。我们可以按这个键暂停游戏。钥匙会让俄罗斯方块瞬间掉到底部。游戏以恒定速度进行没有加速。分数是我们删除的行数。pSpaceself.tboard Board(self) self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)创建该类的一个实例并将其设置为应用程序的中心控件self.statusbar self.statusBar() self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)我们创建了一个状态栏用于显示消息。我们将显示三条可能的消息已删除的行数、暂停的消息或游戏结束的消息。是在Board类中实现的自定义信号。是一个在状态栏上显示消息的内置方法。msg2状态栏显示消息self.tboard.start()这条线启动了游戏。class Board(QFrame): msg2Statusbar pyqtSignal(str) ...使用创建自定义信号。当我们想在状态栏上写一条消息或分数时会发出一个信号。BoardWidth 10 BoardHeight 22 Speed 300这些是类变量。和以块为单位定义电路板的大小。定义了游戏的速度。每300毫秒将开始一个新的游戏周期。BoardsBoardWidthBoardHeightSpeed... self.curX 0 self.curY 0 self.numLinesRemoved 0 self.board [] ...在该方法中我们初始化了一些重要的变量。变量是一个从0到7的数字列表。它代表了各种形状的位置和板上形状的残留。initBoardself.boarddef shapeAt(self, x, y): determines shape at the board position return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) x]该方法确定给定块处的形状类型。def squareWidth(self): returns the width of one square return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth该板可以动态调整大小。因此块的大小可能会发生变化。计算单个正方形的宽度以像素为单位并返回。是板的大小以块为单位。def pause(self): pauses game if not self.isStarted: return self.isPaused not self.isPaused if self.isPaused: self.timer.stop() self.msg2Statusbar.emit(paused) else: self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self) self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved)) self.update()该方法暂停游戏。它停止计时器并在状态栏上显示一条消息。def paintEvent(self, event): paints all shapes of the game painter QPainter(self) rect self.contentsRect() ...绘画是按照这种方法进行的。负责PyQt6中的所有低级绘制。for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): shape self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1) if shape ! Tetrominoe.NoShape: self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() j * self.squareWidth(), boardTop i * self.squareHeight(), shape)游戏的绘画分为两个步骤。在第一步中我们绘制所有形状或掉落到板底部的形状的剩余部分。所有方块都会被记住在列表变量中。使用该方法访问变量。if self.curPiece.shape() ! Tetrominoe.NoShape: for i in range(4): x self.curX self.curPiece.x(i) y self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i) self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() x * self.squareWidth(), boardTop (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(), self.curPiece.shape())下一步是绘制正在坠落的实际工件。elif key Qt.Key.Key_Right.value: self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX 1, self.curY)在该方法中我们检查是否按下了按键。如果我们按向右箭头键我们会尝试将工件向右移动。我们说尝试因为这件作品可能无法移动。elif key Qt.Key.Key_Up.value: self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)箭头键将使下落块向左旋转。elif key Qt.Key.Key_Space.value: self.dropDown()钥匙会立即将掉落的碎片掉落到底部。elif key Qt.Key.Key_D.value: self.oneLineDown()按下该键该块将向下移动一个街区。它可以用来稍微加速碎片的下落def timerEvent(self, event): handles timer event if event.timerId() self.timer.timerId(): if self.isWaitingAfterLine: self.isWaitingAfterLine False self.newPiece() else: self.oneLineDown() else: super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)在计时器事件中我们要么在上一块掉落到底部后创建一个新的块要么将掉落的块向下移动一行。def clearBoard(self): clears shapes from the board for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth): self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)该方法通过在板的每个块上设置来清除板。def removeFullLines(self): removes all full lines from the board numFullLines 0 rowsToRemove [] for i in range(Board.BoardHeight): n 0 for j in range(Board.BoardWidth): if not self.shapeAt(j, i) Tetrominoe.NoShape: n n 1 if n 10: rowsToRemove.append(i) rowsToRemove.reverse() for m in rowsToRemove: for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight): for l in range(Board.BoardWidth): self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k 1)) numFullLines numFullLines len(rowsToRemove) ...如果工件碰到底部我们调用该方法。我们找出所有完整的行并将其删除。我们通过将当前整行上方的所有行向下移动一行来实现。请注意我们颠倒了要删除的行的顺序。否则它将无法正常工作。在我们的例子中我们使用了一种天真的引力。这意味着这些碎片可能会漂浮在空隙之上。def newPiece(self): creates a new shape self.curPiece Shape() self.curPiece.setRandomShape() self.curX Board.BoardWidth // 2 1 self.curY Board.BoardHeight - 1 self.curPiece.minY() if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY): self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape) self.timer.stop() self.isStarted False self.msg2Statusbar.emit(Game over)该方法随机创建一个新的俄罗斯方块。如果棋子不能回到初始位置游戏就结束了。def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY): tries to move a shape for i in range(4): x newX newPiece.x(i) y newY - newPiece.y(i) if x 0 or x Board.BoardWidth or y 0 or y Board.BoardHeight: return False if self.shapeAt(x, y) ! Tetrominoe.NoShape: return False self.curPiece newPiece self.curX newX self.curY newY self.update() return True在这种方法中我们试图移动我们的形状。如果形状位于板的边缘或与其他部分相邻我们将返回。否则我们将当前的落锤放置在一个新的位置。class Tetrominoe: NoShape 0 ZShape 1 SShape 2 LineShape 3 TShape 4 SquareShape 5 LShape 6 MirroredLShape 7该类包含所有可能形状的名称。我们还有一个空位。该类保存有关俄罗斯方块的信息。class Shape(object): coordsTable ( ((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)), ((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)), ... ) ...元组包含我们俄罗斯方块的所有可能坐标值。这是一个模板所有部分都从中获取坐标值。self.coords [[0,0] for i in range(4)]创建后我们创建一个空坐标列表。该列表将保存俄罗斯方块的坐标。上图将有助于更深入地理解坐标值。例如元组0-1、00、-10和-1-1表示Z形。该图说明了形状。def rotateLeft(self): rotates shape to the left if self.pieceShape Tetrominoe.SquareShape: return self result Shape() result.pieceShape self.pieceShape for i in range(4): result.setX(i, self.y(i)) result.setY(i, -self.x(i)) return result该方法将工件向左旋转。正方形不必旋转。这就是为什么我们简单地返回对当前对象的引用。将创建一个新工件并将其坐标设置为旋转工件的坐标。这是PyQt6中的俄罗斯方块游戏。